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How To Use Google In China

Written By Saturday, May 14, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Chinese subsidiary of Google

Coordinates: 39°59′34″Due north 116°xix′24″East  /  39.99278°Northward 116.32333°Eastward  / 39.99278; 116.32333

Google Data Engineering (China) Co., .
Google China logo.svg

Type of site

 Search engine
Founded 12 Apr 2006; 16 years ago  (2006-04-12)
Headquarters

Beijing

,

Communist china
Area served Prc
Parent Google
URL www.google.com.hk/webhp?hl=zh-CN
Current status Express admission; redirects to Google Hong Kong
Google China
Chinese 谷歌
Literal meaning The song of the valley. (Likewise the vocal of sowing, expectation, harvest, and joy.)[ane] [ii]

Google China is a subsidiary of Google. A popular search engine, nigh services offered by Google China were blocked by the Great Firewall in the Red china. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, was moved from prc to Hong Kong.

Past Nov 2013, Google's search marketplace share in China had declined to one.seven% from its August 2009 level of 36.2%, though information technology has slowly risen since, representing 3.eight% of the search engine market by July 2020.[iii] [4] [5]

History [edit]

2000–2006: Launch of search service [edit]

On 12 September 2000, Google announced the addition of Simplified and Traditional Chinese versions to Google.com and began to provide search services for Chinese users worldwide.

On ten September 2004, Google.com launched Simplified Chinese Google News.

In 2005, Google China moved from Xinhua Insurance Edifice, outside Jianguomen, to Keji Building in the Tsinghua Science Park near the eastward gate of Tsinghua University, where Google rented ii floors. In addition, Google has an office in the Beijing Fortune Center.[6]

On 19 July 2005, Kai-Fu Lee, a old Microsoft executive and the founder in 1998 of Microsoft Enquiry Asia,[seven] joined Google and officially became the president of Google China. On the aforementioned solar day, Google appear that information technology would fix a research and development eye in China.

2006–2009: Censorship of Google [edit]

In January 2006, Simplified Chinese Google News was renamed from "Google 新闻" (Google News) to "Google 资讯" (Google Information).

On 26 January 2006, Google launched its China-based google.cn search page, with results subject to censorship past the Chinese regime.[8] [9] Google used its Chinese proper noun, GǔGē ("harvest song"), just it never caught on with Chinese internet users.[10]

On 12 April 2006, Google's Global CEO Eric Schmidt appear Google's Chinese proper noun as "谷歌" (The Chinese character version of GǔGē) in Beijing. Google officially entered the Chinese mainland market.

From September 2006 until August 2016, the part of Google China was a 10-floor edifice in Kejian Building in the Tsinghua Scientific discipline Park.

In March 2009, China blocked admission to Google's YouTube site due to footage showing Chinese security forces beating Tibetans;[11] access to other Google online services was beingness denied to users arbitrarily.

On four September 2009, afterwards four years leading Google China, Kai-Fu Lee unexpectedly left to start a venture fund, amongst debate about the Chinese regime'south censorship policies and Google's decreasing share to rival Baidu and Sogou.[7]

2010–2016: Giving up search service [edit]

In January 2010, Google announced that, in response to a Chinese-originated hacking set on on them and other US tech companies, they were no longer willing to censor searches in China and would pull out of the land completely if necessary.[12] At the same time, Google started to redirect all search queries from Google.cn to Google.com.hk in Hong Kong, which returned results without censorship.[12] [13] [14] At the time, Hong Kong was vested with independent judicial power[15] and was not subject to most Chinese laws,[16] including those requiring the restriction of costless flow of data and censorship of Internet traffic. David Drummond, senior vice president of Google, stated in the official Google blog that the circumstances surrounding censorship of the Internet in China led Google to motility its search to Hong Kong, the absence of censorship making information technology more than effective for networking and sharing information with Net users in mainland China.[xiv]

On thirty March 2010, searching via all Google search sites in all languages was banned in mainland Communist china; whatsoever try to search using Google resulted in a DNS error. Initial reports suggested that the error was acquired by a banned string (RFA, as in "Radio Gratuitous Asia") existence automatically added to Google search queries upstream of user queries, with prominent China journalists disagreeing over whether the blockage was an intentional and high-level endeavor to censor search results. Other Google services such as Google Mail and Google Maps appeared to be unaffected.[17] Xiao Qiang, managing director of the China Internet Projection at UC Berkeley and founder of the China Digital Times, noted that the ban in mainland Prc could eventually block all access to Google sites and applications if the Chinese authorities wanted.[17] The ban was lifted the next 24-hour interval.[18]

On 30 June 2010, Google ended the automatic redirect of Google People's republic of china to Google Hong Kong, and instead placed a link to Google Hong Kong to avert their Cyberspace Content Provider (ICP) license existence revoked.[xix]

The fact that Google had ended some of its services in People's republic of china, and the reasons for it, were censored in China.[xx]

In 2013 Google stopped displaying alert messages that had shown up for mainland Chinese users who were attempting to search for politically sensitive phrases.[21]

Google'due south Internet postal service service, Gmail, and Chrome and Google-based search inquiries have non been available to mainland China users since 2014. Google has maintained that it would continue with the research and evolution offices in China along with the sales offices for other Google products such as Android smartphone software.[22]

2016–nowadays: Attempts to come back to mainland Prc [edit]

On 1 August 2016, Google Mainland china moved its headquarters from Tsinghua Science Park to Rongke Data Heart.[23]

On 8 December 2016, Google held the Google Developer Day Prc 2016 in the China National Convention Center,[24] and announced the creation of a developer website for mainland Chinese developers, including Google Developers Prc (developers.google.cn), Android Developers China (developer.android.google.cn), and Firebase China (firebase.google.cn).[25] This was the showtime time Google China used the ".cn" domain name again after giving upwards Google Prc.[26] [27]

On 31 August 2017, Google Mainland china announced TensorFlow Cathay (tensorflow.google.cn).[28]

In May 2017, Google Cathay held Hereafter of Get Top with the Chinese government.

On thirteen December 2017, Google Mainland china held Google Developer Twenty-four hours Cathay 2017 in Shanghai and announced the institution of the Google AI China Center, led by Fei-Fei Li and Professor Li Jia.[29] [thirty] [31] [32] [33] [34]

On fourteen August 2020, following the enactment of the Hong Kong national security law, Google China stated that it would no longer directly respond to information requests from the Hong Kong regime, and would instead accept them get through a Common Legal Assist Treaty with the Us.[35]

Dragonfly project [edit]

On 1 August 2018, The Intercept reported that Google plans to launch a censored version of its search engine in China, lawmaking-named Dragonfly. The finalized version could be launched as soon as January 2019.[36] On 6 August, China Communist Party'south official newspaper People'south Daily published a column which was soon deleted saying that they might welcome a return of Google if it plays by Beijing's strict rules for media oversight.[37] [38] Presently afterwards, Li Yanhong, the founder of Baidu, Cathay's dominant search engine, predicted his company will "again be victorious" against Google if the U.S. search giant returns to China.[39]

Despite statements from Google executives that their piece of work had been "exploratory", "in early on stages" and that Google was "not close to launching a search production in Red china",[40] [41] on 21 September 2018 The Intercept reported the existence of an internal memo authored by a Google engineer that revealed details about the project.[42] [43] The memo reportedly said that a epitome of the censored search engine was being developed as an app chosen Maotai that would record the geographical position and internet history of its users, and defendant Google of developing "spying tools" for the Chinese regime to monitor its citizens.[44]

In Dec 2018, The Intercept reported that the Dragonfly projection had "effectively been close down" after a clash within Google, led past members of the company's privacy team.[45]

Business [edit]

Google Mainland china served a market of mainland Chinese Net users that was estimated in July 2009 to number 338 million,[46] upwards from 45.8 meg in June 2002.[47] A Prc Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) written report published a year and a half before, on 17 January 2001, had estimated the mainland Chinese Internet user base at 22.five million, considerably higher than the number published past Iamasia, a private Cyberspace ratings visitor.[48] The first CNNIC report, published on 10 Oct 1997, estimated the number of Chinese Internet users at fewer than 650 1000 people.

The competitors of Google Red china include Petal, Sogou and Baidu, oftentimes called the "Google of China" because of its resemblance and similarity to Google.[49] [50] In Baronial 2008, Google China launched a music download service, Google Music.[51]

Google People's republic of china local product—Google MUSIC's conference

In 2010, Google China had a market place share[ clarification needed ] in China of 29% according to Analysys International.[52] By October 2012, that number was down to 5%.[ commendation needed ] It farther declined to 1.vii% in 2013.

Controversies [edit]

Earlier Google People's republic of china'south institution, Google.com itself was accessible, even though much of its content was non accessible because of censorship. According to official statistics, google.com was attainable 90% of the fourth dimension, and a number of services were non bachelor at all.[53]

Since announcing its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in Communist china, Google Cathay had been the focus of controversy over what critics view as capitulation to the "Gold Shield Project". Because of its self-imposed censorship, whenever people searched for prohibited Chinese keywords on a blocked list maintained by the PRC regime, google.cn displayed at the bottom of the page (translated): In accordance with local laws, regulations and policies, part of the search outcome is non shown. Some searches, such as (as of June 2009) "Tank Man" were blocked entirely, with only the message, "Search results may non comply with the relevant laws, regulations and policy, and cannot be displayed" appearing.

Google argued that it could play a role more useful to the cause of complimentary spoken language past participating in China'southward IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market. "While removing search results is inconsistent with Google's mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no data) is more inconsistent with our mission," a statement said.[54]

A Usa PBS analysis reported clear differences betwixt results returned for controversial keywords by the censored and uncensored search engines.[55] Google fix up computer systems inside Red china that attempt to access Web sites outside the state. If a site is inaccessible (east.one thousand., because of the Golden Shield Project), then it was added to Google China's blacklist.[56]

In June 2006 Google co-founder Sergey Brin was quoted as saying that virtually all of Google'southward customers in Red china were using the non-censored version of their website.[57]

Google critics in the The states claimed that Google Cathay is a flagrant violation of the Google motto, "Don't exist evil".[58]

On nine April 2007, Google Communist china spokesman Cui Jin admitted that the pinyin Google Input Method Editor (IME) "was built leveraging some non-Google database resources". This was in response to a request on 6 Apr from the Chinese search engine company Sohu that Google end distributing its pinyin IME software because it allegedly copied portions from Sohu's ain software.[59]

In early on 2008 Guo Quan, a academy professor who had been dismissed after having founded a democratic opposition party, appear plans to sue Yahoo! and Google in the United States for having blocked his name from search results in mainland China.[60]

Operation Aurora and 2010 withdrawal [edit]

On 12 January 2010, Google announced that information technology was "no longer willing to continue censoring" results on Google.cn, citing a breach of Gmail accounts of Chinese man rights activists including thousands of activists involved with the religious motility Falun Gong and hundreds of overseas activists in fields such as encryption, intellectual belongings and democracy. The company learned that the hackers had breached 2 Gmail accounts but were only able to access 'from' and 'to' information and subject headers of emails in these accounts.[61] The visitor'south investigation into the attack showed that at least 34 other companies had been similarly targeted, including Adobe Systems, Symantec, Yahoo, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemic. Experts claimed the aim of the attacks was to proceeds information on weapon systems, political dissidents, and valuable source code that powers software applications.[62] Additionally, dozens of Gmail accounts in Mainland china, Europe, and the United States had been regularly accessed by third parties, by way of phishing or malware on the users' computers rather than a security breach at Google. Although Google did non explicitly accuse the Chinese regime of the breach, it said it was no longer willing to conscience results on google.cn, and that it would talk over over the next few weeks "the footing on which we could run an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to close down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in Mainland china".[63] [64]

On 13 January 2010, the news agency AHN reported that the U.S. Congress planned to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese regime used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.[65] In a major speech past the US Secretarial assistant of State Hillary Clinton, analogies were fatigued between the Berlin Wall and the free and unfree Internet.[66] Chinese articles came dorsum proverb that the U.s. uses the internet every bit a means to create worldwide hegemony based on Western values.[67] The issue of Google's changed policy toward Communist china was cited equally a potentially major development in globe affairs, marking a divide between authoritarian socialism and the Western model of free capitalism and Internet access.[68]

The Chinese government since fabricated numerous standard and general statements on the thing, but took no real action. It too criticized Google for declining to provide any bear witness of its accusation.[69] Accusations were made by Baidu, a competing Chinese search engine, that Google was pulling out for fiscal rather than other reasons. At the fourth dimension Baidu was the market leader in China with about lx% of the market compared to Google's 31%, Yahoo placing third with less than ten%.[seventy] The Chinese People's Daily newspaper published an op-ed on Google which criticized western leaders for politicizing the manner in which China controls citizens' admission to the Cyberspace, saying "implementing monitoring according to a land'south national context is what any authorities has to do", and that China's need to censor the cyberspace is greater than that of developed countries, "The Chinese society has mostly less information bearing capacity than adult countries such as the U.Due south. ..."[71]

While Jiang Yu, a spokesperson of China'due south Foreign Ministry, promoted the Chinese regime's "development of the cyberspace", Wang Chen of China'due south State Council Information Office defended online censorship: "Maintaining the safe operation of the Cyberspace and the secure flow of data is a central requirement for guaranteeing state security and people's cardinal interests, promoting economic development and cultural prosperity and maintaining a harmonious and stable society."[72]

According to Joseph Cheng, a professor of political science from Urban center University of Hong Kong, the ruling Chinese Communist Party was deploying Chinese nationalism to stifle debate about censorship in 2010.[73] By criticizing cultural export (in this case, the localization of Google in Cathay), it provided defense to justify the Chinese authorities' censorship control.[73] The Chinese government were defendant of steering state-run media to bundle Google together with other disputes with The states that had been stirring nationalist rancour in People's republic of china at the fourth dimension. On the state-run tabloid Global Times such examples are institute, one user wrote "Become the hell out" while some other i wrote "Ha ha, I'm going to buy firecrackers to celebrate!"[73]

Isaac Mao, a prominent Chinese cyberspace adept, speculated that 90% of Internet users in People's republic of china did non care whether Google was leaving or not. Among Chinese users who strongly supported Google remaining in China without censorship (or leaving China to go along its neutrality and independence), many were accepted to using circumvention technology to access blocked websites.[74]

Censorship [edit]

Subsequent events [edit]

Since 27 May 2014, Google's various services have been suspected of having been subject field to malicious interference from the Not bad Firewall of Mainland china, equally a result of which users became unable to access them. Since and so, users from mainland China found that Google'south various sub-sites and other services (Google Play, Gmail, Google Docs, etc.) could not be accessed or used normally, including sign-ins to Google Accounts. Although some services like Google Maps and Google Translate remained functional, users from certain places even so were unable to visit them. On the evening of 10 July 2014, users became able to utilize Google's services and functions, but users reported that admission was denied the adjacent day.

Blockage of Google [edit]

In Nov 2012, GreatFire.Org reported that China had blocked access to Google. The group reported that all Google domains, including Google search, Gmail, and Google Maps, became inaccessible. The reason for the blockage was likely to command the content in the nation's Cyberspace while the authorities prepared to change leadership.[75]

As the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre approached, Chinese government blocked more websites and search engines. GreatFire said that the block was far-reaching, and that Google simply wasn't working. "The block is indiscriminate every bit all Google services in all countries, encrypted or not, are now blocked in China. This blockage includes Google search, images, Gmail and nearly all other products. In addition, the block covers Google Hong Kong, google.com, and all other country specific versions, e.one thousand., Google Japan. It is the tightest censorship ever deployed." The visitor began to redirect search results from mainland Red china to its Hong Kong website, which led the Chinese authorities to block the Hong Kong site by making users wait 90 seconds for banned results.[ citation needed ]

In 2009, ane-third of all searches in China were on Google. As of 2013[update], the US company had merely 1.7% market share.[3]

Keyword censorship [edit]

In 2012, Google added a new software characteristic to warn users when they type in a discussion censored or blocked in China, outset to offer suggestions about possible sensitive or banned keywords in China.[76] For example, searching the Chinese graphic symbol 江; jiāng — which means "river", but is besides a common surname — was blocked subsequently erroneous rumours almost the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[77]

In 2017, a glitch allowed admission to Google which was shortly blocked again.[78]

See also [edit]

  • 2014 China censorship of Google services
  • Censorship by Google
  • Chinese Intelligence Operations in the United States
    • Performance Aurora
  • Dragonfly (search engine)
  • Google flop
  • Illegal flower tribute
  • Internet censorship in Red china

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Google Cathay
  • Official blog
  • Mainland China service availability
  • Google leaves People's republic of china
  • Chinameriica.asia

How To Use Google In China,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_China

Posted by: davisonated.blogspot.com

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