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Diamond Lane On The Freeway

Written By Monday, October 17, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Restricted traffic lane

A high-occupancy vehicle lane (also known as an HOV lane, carpool lane, diamond lane, two+ lane, and transit lane or T2 or T3 lanes) is a restricted traffic lane reserved for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, including carpools, vanpools, and transit buses. These restrictions may be merely imposed during elevation travel times or may utilise at all times. Co-ordinate to the criteria used in that location are different types of lanes: temporary or permanent with concrete barriers; two-directional or reversible; and exclusive, concurrent or contraflow lanes working in acme periods.[1] The normal minimum occupancy level is two or 3 occupants. Many jurisdictions exempt other vehicles, including motorcycles, charter buses, emergency and law enforcement vehicles, depression-emission and other green vehicles, and/or single-occupancy vehicles paying a price. HOV lanes are unremarkably introduced to increase average vehicle occupancy and persons traveling with the goal of reducing traffic congestion and air pollution,[2] [3] [4] although their effectiveness is questionable.[5] [half dozen]

Regional and corporate-sponsored vanpools, carpools, and rideshare communities give commuters a way to increase occupancy. For places without such services, online rideshare communities can serve a like purpose.[ commendation needed ] Slugging lines are common in some places, where solo drivers pick up a passenger to share the ride and let them to use the HOV lane. High-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes), which allow solo driver vehicles to use HOV lanes on payment of a fee which varies depending on demand, accept besides been introduced in the United States and Canada.

History [edit]

The states [edit]

The kickoff freeway HOV facility opened in 1969 in the Shirley Highway in Northern Virginia. As of 2012 the I-95/I-395 HOV facility operates every bit a two-lane barrier-separated reversible HOV three+ facility (eye lanes) with access through elevated on- and off-ramps.

For 50 years (1970-2020), Caltrans traditionally preferred to apply the term "carpool" in lieu of "HOV," as seen on Interstate 405 in Los Angeles.

The introduction of HOV lanes in the United States progressed slowly during the 1970s and early 1980s. Major growth occurred from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s.[7] The outset motorway HOV lane in the United States was implemented in the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway in Northern Virginia, between Washington, DC, and the Capital Beltway, and was opened in 1969 every bit a bus-only lane.[7] [8] [9] The busway was opened in Dec 1973 to carpools with 4 or more occupants, becoming the first example in which buses and carpools officially shared a HOV lane over a considerable altitude.[ten] [11]

In 2005, the two lanes of this HOV 3+ facility carried during the morning time peak 60 minutes (6:30 am to nine:30 am) a full of 31,700 people in 8,600 vehicles (3.7 persons/veh), while the three or 4 general-purpose lanes carried 23,500 people in 21,300 vehicles (1.one persons/veh). Average travel fourth dimension in the HOV facility was 29 minutes, and 64 minutes in the general traffic lanes.[12] Every bit of 2012, the I-95/I-395 HOV facility is thirty mi (48 km) long, extends from Washington, D.C., to Dumfries, Virginia, and has two reversible lanes separated from the regular lanes past barriers, with access through elevated on- and off-ramps. 3 or more people in a vehicle (HOV 3+) are required to travel on the facility during blitz hours on weekdays.[13]

The second thruway HOV facility was the contraflow bus lane on the Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix in Hudson County, New Bailiwick of jersey, opened in 1970.[seven] According to the Federal Highway Assistants (FHWA), the Lincoln Tunnel XBL is the state's HOV facility with the highest number of summit 60 minutes persons among HOV facilities with utilization data available, with 23,500 persons in the morning peak,[8] and 62,000 passengers during the four-hour forenoon peak.[xiv]

The kickoff permanent HOV facility in California was the bypass lane at the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge toll plaza, opened to the public in April 1970.[ix] The El Monte Busway (I-x / San Bernardino Freeway) in Los Angeles was initially but available for buses when it opened in 1973. Three-person carpools were allowed to use the passenger vehicle lane for three months in 1974 due to a strike by bus operators, and and then permanently at a 3+ HOV from 1976. It is i of the most efficient HOV facilities in North America[15] and is currently being converted into a loftier-occupancy toll lane operation to allow depression-occupancy vehicles to bid for excess chapters on the lane in the Metro ExpressLanes projection.[16]

Beginning in the 1970s, the Urban Mass Transit Administration recognized the advantages of sectional bus lanes and encouraged their funding. In the 1970s the FHWA began to permit throughway agencies to spend federal funds on HOV lanes.[10] As a issue of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo, interest in ridesharing picked upwards, and states began experimenting with HOV lanes. In order to reduce crude oil consumption, the 1974 Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Deed mandated maximum speed limits of 55 mph (89 km/h) on public highways and became the first instance when the U.S. federal government provided funding for ridesharing and states were allowed to spend their highway funds on rideshare demonstration projects. The 1978 Surface Transportation Assistance Act made funding for rideshare initiatives permanent.[11]

Also during the early 1970s, ridesharing was recommended for the first time equally a tool to mitigate air quality problems. The 1970 Make clean Air Human action Amendments established the National Ambience Air Quality Standards and gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) substantial authority to regulate air quality attainment. A last command programme for the Los Angeles Basin was issued in 1973, and one of its main provisions was a two-phase conversion of 184 mi (296 km) of freeway and arterial roadway lanes to motorcoach/carpool lanes and the development of a regional computerized carpool matching system. Notwithstanding, it took until 1985 before any HOV projection was constructed in Los Angeles County, and by 1993 there were only 58 mi (93 km) of HOV lanes countywide.[11]

A meaning policy shift took place in October 1990, when a memorandum from the FHWA administrator stated that "FHWA strongly supports the objective of HOV preferential facilities and encourages the proper awarding of HOV technology." Regional administrators were directed to promote HOV lanes and related facilities.[10] Also in the early 1990s, ii laws reinforced the U.S. commitment to HOV lane construction. The Clean Air Human action Amendments of 1990 included HOV lanes as one of the transportation control measures that could be included in state implementation plans to achieve federal air quality standards. The 1990 amendments likewise deny the ambassador of the EPA the authority to block FHWA from funding 24-hour HOV lanes as function of the sanctions for a state's failure to comply with the Clean Air Act, if the secretary of transportation wishes to approve the FHWA funds.[10]

On the other hand, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 encouraged the construction of HOV lanes, which were made eligible for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds in regions not attaining federal air quality standards. CMAQ funds may exist spent on new HOV lane construction, fifty-fifty if the HOV designation holds simply at summit travel times or in the acme management. ISTEA too provided that under the Interstate Maintenance Programme, only HOV projects would receive the ninety% federal matching ratio formerly available for the improver of general purpose lanes. ISTEA, in addition, permitted state government to ascertain a loftier occupancy vehicle as having a minimum of two occupants (HOV two+).[10]

Equally of 2009, California was the land with the most HOV facilities in the country, with 88, followed by Minnesota with 83 facilities, Washington with 41, Texas with 35, and Virginia with 21. By 2006, HOV lanes in California were operating at two-thirds of their capacity, and these HOV facilities carried on average 2,518 persons per hr during acme hours, essentially more than people than the congested general-traffic lanes.[2]

Every bit of October 2016, the longest continuous HOV facility in the U.Southward. is on I-15 in Utah, extending approximately 72.0 mi (115.nine km) from Layton to Spanish Fork with a single HOV lane in each direction for a total of 144.0 mi (231.7 km) of HOV lanes.[17] While the Utah facility is the longest, the I-495 Capital Beltway in the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Expanse extends 56.0 mi (90.1 km) but has two HOV lanes in each direction for a full of 224.0 mi (360.5 km) of HOV lanes.[eight]

As of 2012, at that place are some 126 HOV facilities on freeways in 27 metropolitan areas in the U.s., which includes over 1,000 corridor miles (1,600 km).[xviii]

Canada [edit]

The first HOV facilities in Canada were opened in Greater Vancouver and Toronto in the early 1990s, followed shortly by facilities in Ottawa, Gatineau, Montreal, and later Calgary. As of 2010 at that place were about 150 km (93 mi) of highway HOV lanes in xi locations in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, and over 130 km (81 mi) of arterial HOV lanes in 24 locations in Greater Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, and Gatineau.[ii] The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) in 2006 estimated that commuters in Toronto using the HOV facilities on Highways 403 and 404 were saving fourteen–17 minutes per trip compared to their travel time before the HOV lanes opened. The MTO as well estimated that almost twoscore% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 eastbound in the morning time top 60 minutes, compared to xiv% in 2003, and 37% of commuters were carpooling on Highway 403 westbound in the afternoon acme hour, compared to 22% in 2003. The average rush hour speed on the HOV lanes is 100 km/h (62 mph), compared to 60 km/h (37 mph) in general-traffic lanes on Highway 403.[2] Temporary HOV lanes were added to selections of 400-series highways in the Greater Toronto Area for the 2015 Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games.

Europe [edit]

As of 2012, at that place are a few HOV lanes in operation in Europe. The primary reason for this is that, in full general, European cities have ameliorate public transport services and fewer loftier-capacity multi-lane urban motorways than do the U.S. and Canada. Nevertheless, at effectually one.3 persons per vehicle, average car occupancy is relatively low in most European cities.[19] The emphasis in Europe has been on providing bus lanes and on-street bus priority measures.[20]

The first HOV lane in Europe was opened in the Netherlands in Oct 1993 and operated until Baronial 1994. Its facility was a 7 km (4.3 mi) barrier-separated HOV 3+ on the A1 near Amsterdam. The facility did not attract plenty users to overcome public criticism and was converted to a reversible lane open to general traffic after the judge in a legal examination case ruled that Dutch traffic law lacked the concept of a automobile pool and thus that the principle of equality was violated.[twenty] [21]

Spain was the next European country to innovate HOV lanes, when median reversible HOV lanes were opened in Madrid's A-6 in 1995. This facility is Europe'due south oldest HOV facility that is still in operation.[20]

The first HOV facility in the U.k. opened in Leeds in 1998. The facility was implemented on A647 route near Leeds as an experimental scheme, but it became permanent. The HOV facility is 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long and operates equally a HOV 2+ facility.[19] [20] [22]

A 2.eight km (1.vii mi) HOV iii+ facility opened in Linz, Austria, in 1999.

The beginning HOV lane in Norway was implemented in May 2001 as an HOV iii+ on Elgeseter Street, an undivided four-lane arterial road in Trondheim. This facility was followed past HOV lanes in Oslo and Kristiansand.[xx] [23]

New Zealand and Commonwealth of australia [edit]

The get-go HOV lane (known as a Transit Lane T2 or T3[24]) in Australia opened in February 1992, located on the Eastern Freeway in Melbourne travelling inbound.[25] In May 2005, T2 Transit lanes were opened on Hoddle Street in Melbourne.[26] Equally of 2012, there were also T2 and T3 facilities in Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane.

In Auckland, New Zealand, in that location are several short HOV 2+ and 3+ lanes throughout the region, commonly known as T2 and T3 lanes.[27] There is a T2 transit lane in Tamaki Drive, in a short stretch betwixt Okahu Bay Reserve and downtown Auckland.[28] In that location are besides T2 priority lanes on Auckland's Northern, Southern, Northwestern, and Southwestern Motorways. These priority lanes are left-side on-ramp lanes heading towards the motorway, where vehicles with ii or more people can featherbed the ramp meter signal. Priority lanes can also be used past trucks, buses, and motorcycles, and the priority lanes can exist used by carpoolers at any fourth dimension.[28] 11 lanes were opened to electric vehicles in a one-year trial from September 2017.[29] In that location are too several curt T2 and T3 facilities in North Shore Metropolis operating during rush hours.[30]

Indonesia [edit]

A big dark-green signage indicates the HOV 3+ (Three in 1) implementation zone in Jakarta, Indonesia

In Jakarta, HOV 3+ is known as "Three in Ane" (Tiga dalam satu) and was first implemented by governor Sutiyoso. HOV 3+ is implemented on weekdays in existing roads of Sisingamangaraja Road (fast and slow lane), Jalan Jenderal Sudirman (fast and irksome lane), Jalan Grand.H. Thamrin (fast and slow lane), Medan Merdeka Barat Route, Majapahit Road, and sections of Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. The policy was originally implemented only between 7:00 am and 10:00 am. Since the introduction of Dki jakarta's bus rapid transit in December 2003, the policy was extended to vii:00 am – 10:00 am and iv:00 pm – vii:00 pm. In September 2004, the evening time was changed to 4:30 pm – 7:00 pm.[31] Car jockeys are paid past drivers to ride on vehicles, then that those vehicles would bypass the three in one brake.[32] [33] On August 30, 2016, an odd–even rationing (ganjil-genap) arrangement began to replace "3-in-1" rule, after a successful trial. Odd plate numbers can enter former "3-in-1" areas on odd days and even plate numbers on even ones.[34]

Cathay [edit]

In Shenzhen, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Binhai Avenue since 25 Apr 2016. The policy was and then extended to 7:30 am – 9:30 am and five:xxx pm – 9:thirty pm.

In Chengdu, from January 23, 2017, HOV 2+ has been implemented on Kehua Road South, Kehua Road Middle, and Tianfu Artery Section 1 and ii, during 7:00 am-9: 00 am and 5:00 pm-seven: 00 pm.

In Dalian, an superhighway (Northeast Expressway, or Dongbei Expressway) linking old boondocks and new boondocks had one lane in both outbound and entering directions set to HOV 2+. Starting from September 20, 2017, commuters tin can opt to bulldoze in HOV lane on Northeast Expressway during the morning peak hours of 06:xxx-08:xxx, and evening peak hours of 16:xxx-19:00. A fine of CNY100 (about USD15) will be enforced for showtime violators. For a 2nd violation, the fine volition double.

Design and operations [edit]

An HOV lane on I-24 in Nashville, Tennessee. These lanes role as HOV lanes only on weekdays during rush 60 minutes, and every bit regular lanes the balance of the time.

HOV lanes may exist either a single traffic lane within the master roadway with distinctive markings or a dissever roadway with ane or more traffic lanes either parallel to the general lanes or course-separated, above or beneath the general lanes. For instance, Interstate 110 in California has 4 HOV lanes on an upper deck.

HOV featherbed lanes to allow carpool traffic and constabulary to bypass areas of regular congestion in many places and an HOV lane may operate every bit a reversible lane, working in the management of the dominant traffic flow in both the morning and the afternoon. All lanes of a x miles (xvi km) section of the Interstate 66 in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., are treated equally an HOV during the rush hour in the primary direction of flow.[13]

The traffic speed differential between HOV and general-purpose lanes creates a potentially dangerous situation if the HOV lanes are not separated by a barrier. A Texas Transportation Plant report institute that HOV lanes lacking bulwark separations caused a 50% increase in injury crashes.[35]

Variants [edit]

Business access and transit lane [edit]

A business admission and transit (BAT) lane is a type of HOV lane that allows for all traffic to enter the lane for a short distance in society to access other streets and business entrances.[36]

High-occupancy price lane [edit]

Considering some HOV lanes were not utilized to their total chapters, users of low- or single-occupancy vehicles may be permitted to use an HOV lane if they pay a toll. This scheme is known every bit loftier-occupancy toll lane (or HOT lanes), and information technology has been introduced mainly in the United states. The offset practical implementation was California'southward formerly private toll 91 Express Lanes, in Orange County, California, in 1995, followed in 1996 past Interstate 15 due north of San Diego.[37] [38] According to the Texas A&G Transportation Institute, past 2012 there were 294 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes and 163 corridor-miles of HOT/Express lanes under structure in the U.s.a..[39]

FasTrak RFID station in Orange County, California

Solo drivers are permitted to apply the HOV lanes upon payment of a fee that varies based on demand. Tolls change throughout the day according to real-time traffic atmospheric condition, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to maintain good journey times.[xl] [41]

Proponents merits that all motorists benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument applies merely to projects that increase the total number of lanes.[42] Proponents too claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ridesharing.[ citation needed ] There has been controversy over this concept, and HOT schemes have been called "Lexus" lanes, as critics encounter this new pricing scheme as a perk for the rich.[43]

HOT tolls are collected by staffed toll booths, automated number plate recognition, or electronic toll collection systems. Some systems use RFID transmitters to monitor entry and exiting of the lane and charge drivers depending on demand. Typically, tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increase, a policy known every bit congestion pricing. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.[44] [45]

Qualifying vehicles [edit]

A slugging area, where solo drivers find a passenger to use the HOV

Qualification for HOV status varies by scheme, but the following vehicles may exist included:

  • Private cars and taxis with a minimum number of human occupants (often two or three), including babies of any age (but simply subsequently birth)[46]
  • Unmarried-occupant green vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and bombardment electric vehicles[47] [48]
  • Motorcycles[49] - motorcycles are allowed via federal U.s. HOV lane law (Title 23, Section 166).[50] They cannot apply HOV lanes in Ontario unless they accept ii passengers.[51]
  • Buses designed to ship sixteen or more passengers, including the driver[46]
  • Public utility vehicles when responding to emergency calls[46]
  • Bicycles[49]
  • Law are allowed to use the HOV lanes in Ontario.[52]

New York City HOV lane codes prior to 2008 did not let motorcycles leading to ticketing of motorbike drivers and complaints from the American Motorcyclist Association, but have since been revised to comply with the federal regulations listed above.[fifty] [53] [54]

In some jurisdictions such as Ontario, Canada, taxicabs and airport limousines are immune to use HOV lanes even when no passenger is nowadays because that vehicle "will exist able return to duty faster subsequently dropping off a fare or arrive sooner to pick upwards a fare, thereby moving more than people to their destinations in fewer vehicles".[51]

In Virginia, the San Francisco Bay Area, Houston, and other HOV lane locations, commuters grade sluglines where drivers choice up one or more passengers from a designated "casual carpool" or "slug lines" to bulldoze on HOV lanes; the driver pulls over about the sluglines and shouts out their destination, and people in the line going to that destination enter the auto on a start-come up, first-served basis.[55]

Compliance, enforcement, and avoidance [edit]

Fines are usually imposed on drivers of not-qualifying vehicles who use the lanes.[56]

Following the introduction of HOVs, some drivers placed inflatable dolls in the passenger seat, a exercise that persists today, even though it is now illegal.[56] Cameras that can distinguish between humans and mannequins or dolls were tested in the Uk in 2005.[57]

In the U.s.a., police force enforcement officials take documented a variety of methods used by drivers in attempts to circumvent HOV occupancy rules:

  • Placing store mannequins, blow-upwards dolls, kickboxing dummies, or paper-thin cut-outs in the rider seat;
  • Taping styrofoam wig stands with wigs or balloons with faces drawn on them to the passenger seat headrest;
  • Buckling the passenger-side seat belt and pretending to talk to someone reclining in that seat;
  • Tinting the front windshield and/or lowering the passenger side visor in an try to obstruct the view into the passenger seat;
  • Covering an empty infant seat with a blanket and/or placing a doll in it;
  • Strapping dogs, cats, or other pets into the passenger seat.[58]

In early on 2006, an Arizona adult female asserted that she had been improperly ticketed for using the HOV lane considering the unborn kid she was carrying in her womb justified her utilise of the lane, while noting that Arizona traffic laws do not define what constitutes a person. Yet, a approximate later ruled that to authorize as an "private" under Arizona traffic laws, the private must occupy a "separate and distinct" infinite in a vehicle.[58] Likewise, in California, in order to utilize HOV lanes, there must be two (or, if posted, three) split individuals occupying seats in a vehicle, and an unborn child does not count towards this requirement.[59]

In 2009 and 2010 information technology was found that non-compliance rates on HOV lanes in Brisbane, Australia, were approaching ninety%. Enhanced enforcement led to increased compliance, average bus journey times dropped by about 19%, and total person throughput increased by 12%.[lx]

In Feb 2010, a 61-year-erstwhile adult female tried to pass off a life-sized mannequin every bit a passenger in gild to use the HOV lane in New York State. A law officer on a routine HOV patrol became suspicious when he noticed that the then-called passenger was wearing sunglasses and using the visor on a cloudy morning. When the officer approached the vehicle, he discovered that the "passenger" was, in fact, a mannequin wearing lipstick, designer shades, a total-length wig, and a blue sweater. The driver was issued a traffic ticket for using the HOV lane without a human passenger, which carries a fine of $135 in 2010 and two points on a driver's license.[61] [62]

In Jan 2013, a motorist tried to claim that the Articles of Incorporation of his business, which had been placed unbuckled on the rider's seat, constituted a person, citing the principle of corporate personhood and California's land Vehicle Code, which defines a person as "natural persons and corporations". This argument was rejected in traffic court, where the presiding judge commented, "Common sense says conveying a sheaf of papers in the front seat does not relieve traffic congestion."[63]

In March 2015, a motorist tried to use a cardboard cutout of player Jonathan Goldsmith to access an HOV lane in Fife, Washington. The officer noted that other drivers had used sleeping bags in earlier attempts to access the HOV lane.[64]

In July 2022, a pregnant woman in Texas argued that her fetus counted every bit a passenger for the purpose of using the HOV lane post-obit the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health System conclusion and Texas police after considering fetuses people.[65]

Effectiveness [edit]

Co-ordinate to 2009 data from the U.South. census, 76% drive to work alone and simply ten% rideshare. For suburban commuters working in a city, the solo driving rate is 82%.[66]

Some underused HOV lanes in several states have been converted to loftier-occupancy toll lanes (HOT), which offer solo drivers access to HOV lanes later paying a toll.[66]

HOV lanes are also an effective way to manage traffic subsequently natural disasters, as seen in New York City after Hurricane Sandy in Oct 2012. At the fourth dimension Mayor Bloomberg banned passenger cars with fewer than three occupants from entering Manhattan. The restriction afflicted all bridges and tunnels inbound the city except the George Washington Bridge.[67]

Criticism [edit]

Critics have argued that HOV lanes are underused. It is unclear whether HOV lanes are sufficiently used to compensate for delays in the other mixed-employ lanes.[68] [69]

The situations take caused social problems in Republic of indonesia, where some people go "car jockey", people who brand their living by offering drivers to make full their car in society to run across the occupancy limit. Reportedly, the state of affairs caused people stay in unemployment for doing so, increased congestion and let parents turn a profit from their babies.[seventy] [71] [72] [73] [34] [74] [75]

Gallery [edit]

  • Standard restrictive traffic sign in the United States. The diamond symbol (◊) indicates a preferential-only lane restriction, in this case an HOV with two or more occupants

    Standard restrictive traffic sign in the Usa. The diamond symbol (◊) indicates a preferential-simply lane restriction, in this case an HOV with 2 or more occupants

  • California's red Clean Air Vehicle sticker to allow solo access for electric cars to HOV lanes.

    California'south cherry-red Clean Air Vehicle sticker to allow solo access for electric cars to HOV lanes.

  • California's green Clean Air Vehicle sticker used to allow solo access for plug-in hybrids to HOV lanes.

    California's green Clean Air Vehicle sticker used to allow solo access for plug-in hybrids to HOV lanes.

Come across also [edit]

  • Coach rapid transit
  • Crush load – High double-decker occupancy leading to crushing
  • Headway – Distance between vehicles in a transit organisation measured in time or space
  • Local-limited lanes
  • Passengers per hour per management – Measure of rider capacity of a transportation network
  • Platoon (automobile) – Group of vehicles travelling separately simply post-obit another
  • Route capacity – Vehicles or people on a given route in a given fourth dimension
  • Toll road
  • Transportation Demand Direction

Notes and references [edit]

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  3. ^ Federal Highway Administration (2009-07-27). "A Review of HOV Lane Functioning and Policy Options in the U.s. – Section 1: Introduction". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  4. ^ "Transit Lanes". Roads & Traffic Authority, NSW. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . Budapest 29–31 October 2003.
  5. ^ Yair Wiseman (November 2019). "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes are an Expected Failure" (PDF). International Periodical of Control and Automation.
  6. ^ Sharon Shewmake (November 2012). "Tin Carpooling Articulate the Road and Clean the Air? Testify on the Bear on of HOV Lanes on VMT and air pollution". Journal of Planning Literature. 27 (4): 363–374. doi:10.1177/0885412212451028. S2CID 154610953.
  7. ^ a b c Katherine F. Turnbull. "History of HOV Facilities". Federal Highway Assistants (FHWA). Retrieved 2012-04-26 . Consummate account published in Katherine F. Turnbull (1992), "HOV Project Case Studies: History and Institutional Arrangements"
  8. ^ a b c Federal Highway Administration (December 2008). "Section 2: Operational Description of the Nation'due south HOV Lanes". FHWA Tolling and Pricing Program. Retrieved 2012-04-24 .
  9. ^ a b California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) (2007). "Managed Lane". Caltrans. Retrieved 2012-04-26 .
  10. ^ a b c d e Christopher K. Leman; Preston 50. Schiller; Kristin Pauly. "Re-Thinking HOV – High Occupancy Vehicle Facilities and the Public Interest". National Transportation Library. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2012-04-30 . Enquiry funded partly past the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and the Bullitt Foundation, pp. 3–5.
  11. ^ a b c MIT "Existent-Time" Rideshare Research (2009-01-24). "Selective History of Ridesharing – The 1970s Free energy Crises". Massachusetts Plant of Technology. Retrieved 2012-04-thirty .
  12. ^ Peter Samuel (2005-01-12). "HOV lanes chock-full with hybrids-complicate toll programme". Toll Roads News. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  13. ^ a b "Loftier Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Systems". Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). 4 December 2017.
  14. ^ American Public Transit Association (APTA). "Public Transportation: Moving America Frontwards" (PDF). APTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . See p. six
  15. ^ Texas Transportation Constitute (September 2002). "Executive Written report. Effects of Irresolute HOV Lane occupancy requirements: El Monte Busway Case Written report". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  16. ^ "Metro Express Lanes".
  17. ^ "UDOT and UHP launch Express Lane didactics and enforcement blitz – Transportation Weblog". blog.udot.utah.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-31 .
  18. ^ Freeway Direction Program, FHWA (2012-01-12). "Frequently Asked HOV Questions". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-27 .
  19. ^ a b Quinn DJ, Gilson DR, Dixon MT (1998). "Britain's first loftier occupancy vehicle lane – the A647, Leeds". ETC Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  20. ^ a b c d e S. Schijns (2006). "High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes – Worldwide Lessons for European Practitioners" (PDF). McCormick Rankin Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2012-04-25 . See Section 3.1
  21. ^ "Dutch parliamentary tape on the carpooling lanes experiment (archived)" (in Dutch). Statengeneraaldigitaal.nl. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-25 .
  22. ^ Institute for Ship Studies, University of Leeds. "Experience in Europe: Leeds, United kingdom". Konsult Leeds. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  23. ^ T Haugen (2004). "Evaluation of Hov-lanes in Kingdom of norway". ETC Proceedings. Archived from the original on 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-04-27 .
  24. ^ "TRANSIT LANE T2 (24hrs)". Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-21 .
  25. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Road Travel Need – Meeting the Challenge. OECD Publishing. p. 134. ISBN978-92-64-17551-8.
  26. ^ "New lane to ease Hoddle Street dejection - National - theage.com.au". The Age. 2005-05-17. Retrieved 2018-06-11 .
  27. ^ "Transit Guides". Auckland Transport. 2011-10-28. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2010-05-06 .
  28. ^ a b Auckland Transport. "Priority lanes for carpooling" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  29. ^ "What is an EV lane". 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-09-27 .
  30. ^ Auckland Send. "North Shore transit lanes" (PDF). Auckland Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2012-05-06 .
  31. ^ SEHARI JELANG PERESMIAN TRANS JAKARTA , retrieved 2022-10-17
  32. ^ Jockeys and Ojeks: More of a Problem Than a Solution | The Jakarta Globe Archived March xviii, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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External links [edit]

  • Frequently Asked HOV Questions, Federal Highway Administration
  • Loftier Occupancy Vehicle Lanes in Canada, Transport Canada
  • HOV Priority, TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute
  • California Eligible Vehicle List – Single occupant carpool lane stickers, California Air Resources Board.
  • Data on how to map HOV facilities within OpenStreetMap
  • HOV lanes mapping based on data from OpenStreetMap.
  • Bargain lowers tolls on I-85 HOT lanes
  • VARIABLE PRICING:San Diego'southward I-fifteen HOT Lanes Mainstreamed Commodity almost first variable price price lane (1998)

Diamond Lane On The Freeway,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane

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